8. Share-Based Compensation

During 2009, we adopted the Gaiam, Inc. 2009 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The purpose of the Plan is to advance our interests and those of our shareholders by providing incentives to certain persons who contribute significantly to our strategic and long-term performance objectives and growth. An aggregate of not more than 3 million of our Class A common shares, subject to certain adjustments, may be issued under the Plan, and the Plan terminates no later than April 23, 2019. The authority to grant new options under our 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan expired on June 1, 2009. We have generally granted options under both of our incentive plans with an exercise price equal to the closing market price of our stock at the date of the grant and the options normally vest and become exercisable at 2% per month for the 50 months beginning in the eleventh month after date of grant. We have recognized the compensation expense related to share-based payment awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally five years for employee options and two years for Board members’ options. Commencing with options granted during 2011, we extended the expiration date for grants from seven to ten years from the date of grant.

The determination of the estimated fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. We derive the expected terms from the historical behavior of participant groupings. We base expected volatilities on the historically realized volatility of our stock over the expected term. Our use of historically realized volatilities is based upon the expectation that future volatility over the expected term is not likely to differ from historical results. We base the risk-free interest rate used in the option valuation model on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. Our dividend yield assumes no annual cash dividends. In accordance with FASB share-based compensation guidance, we are required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. We primarily use historical data by participant groupings to estimate option forfeitures and record share-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest.

The following are the variables we used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the estimated grant date fair value for options granted under our 2009 and 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plans for each of the years presented:

The table below presents a summary of option activity under our 2009 and 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plans as of December 31, 2013, and changes during the year then ended:

On November 8, 2013, for 3 former board members, we extended the exercisability date of their outstanding options to the lesser of October 10, 2014 or the expiration date of their grants. These modifications resulted in total incremental share-based compensation cost of $0.1 million that was immediately recognizable. On March 5, 2012, for options previously granted under our 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan that were scheduled to expire within the next two years, we extended the original expiration dates by two years. As a result, grants to 7 employees were modified and these modifications resulted in total incremental share-based compensation cost of approximately $0.1 million that was immediately recognizable. During 2009, for options previously granted under our 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plan to 49 employees, we reset the exercise price to $5.00 per share. The options continued to vest over their remaining original vesting periods. These 2009 repricing modifications resulted in total incremental share-based compensation cost of approximately $0.2 million, recognizable over 2009 through 2013.

We issue new shares upon the exercise of options. We received $0.8 million in cash from stock options exercised during 2013. No options were exercised during 2012. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted during the years 2013, 2012, and 2011 was $3.14, $2.39, and $2.32, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during 2013 and 2011 was $0.1 million each year. The total fair value of shares vested was $0.6 million during 2013 and $0.8 million during each of 2012 and 2011.

On October 11, 2013, we issued 15,759 shares of our Class A common stock under restricted stock award agreements of the same date to certain of our former board members. The estimated fair value of these restricted stock awards was $0.1 million and was based on the closing market price of our stock on October 11, 2013. These restricted stock awards vest 100% on April 10, 2014.

Our share-based compensation cost charged against income was $0.8 million, $1.0 million, and $1.6 million during 2013, 2012, and 2011, respectively, and is shown in corporate, general and administration expenses. The portion of our share-based compensation expense related to Real Goods Solar was $0.5 million for 2011. The total income tax benefit recognized for share-based compensation was $0.3 million, $0.4 million, and $0.6 million for 2013, 2012, and 2011, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, there was $1.4 million of unrecognized cost related to nonvested shared-based compensation arrangements granted under our 2009 and 1999 Long-Term Incentive Plans. We expect that cost to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.78 years.